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jÅvwUb
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FY ˆevSvGjI ‰i A^Æ AvmGj ˆKvb ‰K RGbi (msÕ©vi) cÉwZ AGbÅi AvÕ©v| FY
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bM` FY ev eÅemvq FY (trade credit)-‰i
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FY
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nq|
evsjvG`Gk
FY eÅeÕ©v evsjvq
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evsjvq
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gnvRb ‰es FY-`v`b-jw™² eÅemvq wbGqvwRZ MÉvgxY eÅemvqx I ˆ`vKvwbG`i AcÉvwZÓ¤vwbK
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‰ RvZxq ˆhme FY w`Z Zvi IcGi myG`i nvi wQj gvGm `yB ˆ^GK Pvi kZvsk Avi
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AÓ¡v`k
kZvõxGZ evsjvq A^Æ I FY ˆjbG`b eÅemvi KZ‡ÆZ½ wQj ˆkV, mi&id,
gnvRb I ˆcvZ`viG`i nvGZ| ‰G`i nvZ w`GqB eo AGâi FGYi A^Æ Õ©vbv¯¦Gii
RbÅ üwíi cÉPjb ÷i‚ nq| FY`vZv Z^v eÅvsKviiv Avw^ÆK ˆjbG`b cwiPvjbvq
KwgkGbi wbqgI Pvjy KGi| ˆ`kxq eÅvsKviG`i RbÅ üwíB wQj FGYi cÉavb nvwZqvi|
üwí nGœQ ‰KwU wPiKzU hvi mvnvhÅ ˆKvb eÅwî× AbÅò AewÕ©Z ˆKvb eÅwî×GK
wbw`ÆÓ¡ mgGq wbw`ÆÓ¡ cwigvY A^Æ cwiGkvGai wbG`Æk ˆ`q| ˆKvb Õ©vb ˆ^GK
ˆbIqv FY ռ͸mgGq AbÅ ˆKvb Õ©vGb ˆcÉiY ev ˆcuŒQvGbvi RbÅ üwí wQj meGPGq
myweavRbK gvaÅg| FY ev A^Æ`vZv eÅwî× Zvi cÉwZwbwai bvGg ˆjLv ‰B wPiKzUwU
w`Z FGYi (AG^Æi) cÉvcK ev Zvi cÉwZwbwai nvGZ ‰es wPiKzUwU (üwíwU) hvi
bvGg ˆjLv Zvi mgGÞ DcÕ©vcb KiGj wZwb ZvrÞwYKfvGe cwiGkva KiGZ evaÅ ^vKGZb|
AÓ¡v`k kZvõxGZ myivU I AbÅvbÅ eo evwYRÅGKG±`Ê cvVvGbvi RbÅ ˆ`Gki wewf®²
Õ©vb ˆ^GK ˆKbv cGYÅi gƒjÅ cwiGkvGa eÅemvqxiv `yB gvm ˆgqvw` üwí eÅenvi
KiGZb| Õ©vbxq ˆKvb eÅemvqx ˆ^GK UvKv avi wbGq cGYÅi mieivnKvixi gƒjÅ
cwiGkva Kiv nGZv ‰es FY`vZv `yB gvGmi gGaÅ ‰fvGe m†Ó¡ ˆ`bv my`mn ˆdiZ
ˆcGZb| ‰me cYÅ mieivGni Drm wQj gƒjZ XvKv, cvUbv I gywkÆ`vev` ‰es ‰
mKj Õ©vGbi wf®² wf®² cwiwÕ©wZ I cÉ`î FGYi SuywK my`nvGi ˆniGdi NUvZ|
BDGivc
I ‰wkqvi wewf®² evRvGi evsjv ˆ^GK cYÅ iµ¦vwbGZ wbGqvwRZ BsGiR Ij±`vR
BÕ¡ Bw´£qv ˆKvÁ·vwb ‰es ‰kxq ewYKiv Õ©vbxq Drcv`bKvixG`i iµ¦vwbGhvMÅ
Drcv`b e†w«¬GZ mnvqZv `vGbi jGÞŠռ͸Ggqvw` FY w`Z| ‰me FY evsjvi A^ÆbxwZGZ
bM` AG^Æi cÉevn e†w«¬ KGi| wbGRG`i Drcv`b eÅq ˆgUvGZ K‡lK I ˆ`kxq KvwiMiG`i
wecyj AskB Õ©vbxq gnvRb I weG`kxG`i ˆ`Iqv FGYi Dci wbfÆikxj wQj| Avevi
Õ©vbxq gnvRb, ewYK I eÅvsKvi ˆMvÓ¤xI Znwej ˆRvUvGZ weG`kx ˆKvÁ·vwbi
wbKU ˆ^GK FY wbZ| ‰ mKj Õ©vbxq eÅemvqxi wbKU 1720-21 mGj weËwUk ˆKvÁ·vwbàwji
ˆgvU cvIbv wQj 24 jÞ i‚wc| 1724 mvGj Ij±`vR BÕ¡ Bw´£qv ˆKvÁ·vwbi wbKU
÷ay KvwkgevRvGii ewYK-eÅemvqxG`i ˆ`bv wQj 15 jÞ i‚wc| evsjvq Ij±`vRG`i
ˆgvU cvIbv 1754 mvGj `uvovq 28 jÞ 30 nvRvi i‚wc| 1755 ˆ^GK 1757 ‰B wZb
eQGi RMrGkGVi KzwV Ij±`vRG`i wbKU ˆgvU 23 jÞ 86 nvRvi i‚wc ˆ`bv ŠZwi
KGi| ‰ mgq RMrGkGVi KzwVi wbKU divwmG`i cvIbv wQj 15 jÞ i‚wc| ZGe evsjvq
ZLbI FY ˆ`Iqv nGZv gƒjZ ˆKvbiKg KvMRcò QvovB ÷ay wek¼vGmi Dci wfwî KGi|
evsjv,
wenvi I DwolÅv BÕ¡ Bw´£qv ˆKvÁ·vwbi `LGj PGj hvIqvi ci evsjvq gnvRb
I ewYK ˆMvÓ¤x ‰es RMrGkV cwievimn UvKv I FGYi eÅemvGq wbGqvwRZ mKGj
eÅvcK ÞwZi mÁÃyLxb nq| gyMj AvgGji ˆkl w`GK evsjvq AcÉvwZÓ¤vwbK eÅvswKs
eÅeÕ©v ‰i AebwZ A^ÆbxwZi wewf®² kvLvi RbÅ ˆek ÞwZKi nGq `uvovq| ‰ cwiGcÉwÞGZ
evsjvi eÅemv-evwYRÅ Pvãv Kivi ‰KwU jÞÅ wbGq weËwUkiv ‰LvGb ˆek KGqKwU
‰GRw´Ö Ni cÉwZÓ¤v KGi|
evsjvG`k
‰jvKvq FYeÅeÕ©v AvbyÓ¤vwbK i…c wbGZ ÷i‚ KGi AÓ¡v`k kZvõxi ˆklfvGM ‰es
weËwUk AvgGj ‰i cÉf„Z D®²wZ NGU| weËwUk AvgGj evsjvq 14wU eÅvsK ‰es
17wU ˆjvb Awdm Pvjy nq|
1947-‰
ˆ`kwefvGMi ci cvwKÕ¦vb weËwUk eÅvswKs eÅeÕ©vi DîivwaKvi wnGmGe ˆ`kx
I weG`kx eÅvsKmgƒGni ˆgvU 637wU kvLv wbGq ‰KwU eÅvswKs I FY cÉwZÓ¤vGbi
KvVvGgv cvq| 1948 mvGj cÉwZwÓ¤Z ˆÕ¡U eÅvsK Ae cvwKÕ¦vb ˆ`Gk FYeÅeÕ©v
D®²qGbi RbÅ bZzb evwYwRÅK eÅvsK I AbÅvbÅ FY-msÕ©vbKvix cÉwZÓ¤vb m†wÓ¡i
DG`ÅvM ˆbq| evwYwRÅK eÅvswKs-‰ AMÉMwZ QvovI 24 eQGi cvwKÕ¦vGb K‡wl,
wk͸ I M†nwbgÆvY LvGZ `xNÆGgqvw` FY cÉ`vGbi weGklvwqZ cÉwZÓ¤vb
Õ©vcGb ˆek mvdjÅ AwRÆZ nq| cƒeÆ cvwKÕ¦vGb ‰ RvZxq KGqKwU cÉwZÓ¤vb wQj
cvwKÕ¦vb K‡wl D®²qb eÅvsK, wk͸ D®²qb eÅvsK, cvwKÕ¦vb wk͸ FY I wewbGqvM
msÕ©v ‰es M†nwbgÆvY A^ÆmsÕ©vb msÕ©v|
1971-‰
evsjvG`k m†wÓ¡i ci ˆ`Gk DîivwaKvimƒGò cvIqv FYeÅeÕ©vq wQj 12wU evwYwRÅK
eÅvsGKi ˆgvU 1,130wU kvLv| ‰ mgGq FYeÅeÕ©vi ˆÞGò we`Ågvb AcÉvwZÓ¤vwbK
Aã wQj gnvRb, ˆ`vKvwb I AbÅvbÅ bvbv aiGbi avi`vZv ˆMvÓ¤x| ZGe nvGZ bM`
UvKv ˆZgb bv ^vKvq ‰ mKj AcÉvwZÓ¤vwbK DrGmi f„wgKv Õ¼vaxbZvi cGii cÉ^g
eQiàwjGZ wbZv¯¦B AbyGÍÏLGhvMÅ wQj|
1972
mvGj evsjvG`k miKvi ˆ`Gki ˆK±`Êxq eÅvsK wnGmGe evsjvG`k eÅvsK
‰es ‰Qvov cƒGeÆ we`Ågvb 12wU evwYwRÅK eÅvsKGK cybweÆbÅÕ¦ KGi 6wU ivÓ¡Ëvqî
evwYwRÅK eÅvsK cÉwZÓ¤v KGi| ‰KB eQi evsjvG`k wk͸ eÅvsK ‰es
evsjvG`k wk͸FY msÕ©v bvGg `ywU ‰es 1973 mvGj evsjvG`k K‡wl eÅvsK bvGg bZzb Aci ‰KwU weGklvwqZ Avw^ÆK cÉwZÓ¤vb m†wÓ¡ Kiv nq|
cieZÆxGZ D®²qb A^ÆmsÕ©vGbi RbÅ ˆiqvwZ my`nvGi `xNÆGgqvw` FGYi DrmÕ¼i…c
‰ RvZxq cÉwZÓ¤vGbi mGã hyî× nq ivRkvnx K‡wl D®²qb eÅvsK ‰es
eÅvsK di B´£vwÕ¡ËR AÅv´£ KgvmÆ (ˆewmK eÅvsK)| 31 gvPÆ 2000 chƯ¦
‰ mKj D®²qb A^ÆmsÕ©vb cÉwZÓ¤vb ev weGklvwqZ eÅvsK ˆgvU 6,951.22
ˆKvwU UvKv FY wnGmGe weZiY KGiGQ| Þz`Ë wk͸LvGZ `xNÆ I gaÅGgqvw` FY`vGbi
‰ RvZxq ‰KwU Drm nGœQ evsjvG`k Þz`Ë I KzwUi wk͸ KGcÆvGikb| ˆ`Gki mgevq
eÅvsKmgƒn K‡wl h¯¨cvwZ ò×Gqi RbÅ `xNÆ I gaÅGgqvw` FY w`Gq ^vGK|
ˆ`Gki
cyuwRevRvGii weKvk I Zvi gvaÅGg wkG͸v®²qb Z½ivw¯¼Z Kivi jGÞÅ evsjvG`Gk
1976 mvGj BbGfÕ¡Gg´Ÿ KGcÆvGikb Ae evsjvG`k MwVZ nq| 1980-‰i
`kGKi gvSvgvwS ˆemiKvwi LvGZ cÉwZwÓ¤Z nq `ywU FY I wewbGqvM ˆKvÁ·vwb|
bÅvkbvj ˆò×wWU wj. ‰es evsjvG`k KgvmÆ AÅv´£ BbGfÕ¡Gg´Ÿ wj. bvGgi `ywU
ˆKvÁ·vwb QvovI cieZÆxGZ evsjvG`Gk miKvwi LvGZ AGbK bZzb eÅvsK, weGklvwqZ
cÉwZÓ¤vb, wjwRs ˆKvÁ·vwb BZÅvw` cÉwZwÓ¤Z nq| ‰mGei gGaÅ AvGQ A¯¦Z 25wU
bZzb evwYwRÅK eÅvsK, PviwU weGklvwqZ Avw^ÆK cÉwZÓ¤vb 27wU, gvGPÆ´Ÿ eÅvswKs
cÉwZÓ¤vb I 22wU AbÅvbÅ AeÅvswKs Avw^ÆK cÉwZÓ¤vb| eZÆgvGb ˆ`Gk
13wU weG`kx evwYwRÅK eÅvsK Pvjy AvGQ|
ˆ`Gki
FYeÅeÕ©v mÁ·ÉmvwiZ nIqvq FY mieivGni cwigvYI eÅvcKfvGe e†w«¬ ˆcGqGQ|
1977 mvGji Ryb gvGm ˆgvU eÅvsK FGYi cwigvY wQj 115.3 ˆKvwU UvKv hv 2000
mvGji 30 Ryb ZvwiGL `uvovq 5,582.5 ˆKvwU UvKv| K‡wl, wk͸, Õ©vei mÁ·wî,
LyPiv I cvBKvwi eÅemvq, exgv, cwienY I ˆhvMvGhvM LvGZ ‰es `vwi`ËÅ weGgvPbgƒjK KgÆKvGí evsjvG`k mgevq eÅvsK 27.4 ˆKvwU UvKv FY weZiY
KGiGQ| Þz`ËFY LvGZ weGklvwqZ MÉvgxY eÅvsK gƒjZ `vwi`ËÅ weGgvPb I gwnjvG`i ÞgZvqGb wbGqvwRZ ‰es 30 Ryb
2000 chƯ¦ MÉvgxY eÅvsGKi weZiYK‡Z ˆgvU FGYi cwigvY 157 ˆKvwU UvKv|
‰KB mgq chƯ¦ 1998-‰i ˆmG¶ŸÁ¼Gi cÉwZwÓ¤Z KgÆmsÕ©vb eÅvsK Þz`Ë I KzwUi wk͸ LvGZ Õ¼KgÆmsÕ©vGb wbGqvwRZG`i FY w`GqGQ ˆgvU 8.5 ˆKvwU UvKv| ‰B
mgq Aewa evsjvG`k nvDR wewΣs dvBbÅv´Ö KGcÆvGikb
KZƆK ˆ`Iqv M†nFGYi ˆgvU cwigvY wQj 276.6 ˆKvwU UvKv ‰es ˆ`Gki 27wU
BRviv ˆKvÁ·vwbi ˆ`Iqv `xNÆGgqvw` wewf®² FGYi ˆgvU cwigvY wQj 133.2 ˆKvwU
UvKv|
‰bwRI
I mgÕ©vbxq wewf®² msÕ©v, MÉvgxY eÅvsK, miKvwi Þz`ËFY cÉwZÓ¤vb I Þz`Ë
A^ÆmsÕ©vGb wbGqvwRZ miKvwi-ˆemiKvwi msÕ©vmgƒn MÉvgxY I küGi `wi`Ë RbGMvÓ¤xi
RbÅ ˆ`Gk ‰KwU bZzb aiGbi FYeÅeÕ©v Pvjy KGi| eZÆgvGb ˆ`Gk ‰K nvRvGiiI
AwaK Þz`Ë A^ÆmsÕ©vb cÉwZÓ¤vb KgÆKví cwiPvjbv KiGQ, ‰àwji AwaKvskB ˆ`kx
ev weG`kx ‰bwRI| Avi ‰G`i jÞÅGMvÓ¤x nGœQ cÉPwjZ eÅvsKFY myweav ˆ^GK
ewçZ `wi`Ë RbMY| 369wU ‰bwRI, MÉvgxY eÅvsK, cÍÏx KgÆmnvqK dvDG´£kb ‰es
hye I ò×xov g¯¨YvjGqi FY KvhÆò×Ggi ‰KwU Rwic ˆ^GK Rvbv hvq ˆh 1998 mvGj
‰ mKj msÕ©v bƒÅbvwaK 49 jÞ m`mÅGK ˆgvU 535.9 ˆKvwU UvKv FY weZiY KGiGQ|
eÅvsK
FY evsjvG`Gk
eÅvsK FGYi cÉavb Drm evwYwRÅK eÅvsKmgƒn, ˆhàwji gGaÅ AvGQ (2000 mvj)
4wU ivÓ¡Ëvqî evwYwRÅK eÅvsK, 27wU ˆ`kxq ˆemiKvwi eÅvsK ‰es 13wU weG`kx
eÅvsK| ‰me eÅvsGKi ˆgvU AvgvbGZi cwigvY 6,341.45 ˆKvwU UvKv ‰es ‰G`i
ˆ`Iqv ˆgvU FGYi cwigvY 4,644.76 ˆKvwU UvKv| evwYwRÅK eÅvsKmgƒGni FY-AvgvbZ
AbycvZ 79%| ˆ`Gki eÅvswKs LvZ ˆ^GK ˆ`Iqv ˆgvU FGYi AvbygvwbK 83%-B weZiY
nq kni ‰jvKvq|
eÅvswKs-‰i
wZbwU gƒj Õ¦Á¿ Z^v ‰KwU kwî×kvjx wbq¯¨Y c«¬wZ, `†p eÅeÕ©vcbv ‰es KvhÆKi
Av`vjZ ‰àwji ‰KwUI evsjvG`Gk
mej bq| eis ‰me ˆÞGò cwiwÕ©wZ ‰gbB bvRyK ˆh ˆKvb ˆKvb ˆÞGò AvgvbGZi
wbivcîvI cÉk²mvGcÞ| Avi FY Ave¥ŸGb A`ÞZv ‰KwU wbqwgZ eÅvcvi| ˆ`Gki evwYwRÅK
eÅvsK eÅeÕ©vi 93%-‰i ˆewk eÅeÕ©vcbvq A`Þ, AGbK eÅvsKB KvhÆZ LyuwoGq
LyuwoGq PGj| FY ˆkÉYxwebÅvmKiY ‰i Av¯¦RÆvwZK gvcKvwV Abyhvqx
ˆ`Gki ivÓ¡Ëvqî I ˆemiKvwi eÅvsKmgƒGni ˆ`Iqv ˆgvU FGYi 52% nGœQ KzFY|
‰w`K ˆ^GK weG`kx eÅvsKàwji ˆ`Iqv FGYi cÉK͸mgƒGni gvb AGbK D®²Z, wK¯§
weG`kx eÅvsKàwji Ask ˆ`Gki mvgwMÉK eÅvswKs LvGZ gvò 6%|
ivÓ¡Ëvqî
evwYwRÅK eÅvsKàwjGZ KvGRi cwiGek wbGq cÉvqB AwfGhvM DïvwcZ nq| cÉwZÓ¤vGbi
eÅemvwqK ZrciZvi Õ¼vG^Æ bq, eÅwî× ev ˆMvÓ¤x-Õ¼vG^Æ eÅvsK FY AbyGgv`Gbi
RGbÅ BDwbqbmgƒGni PvccÉGqvM FGYi DrKlÆ nvwb NUvGœQ| Avevi ˆemiKvwi eÅvsKàwjGZ
AvGQ gvwjK-cwiPvjK ev ZvG`i cQG±`i ˆjvKG`i RbÅ AbÅvqfvGe FY ˆbIqv, ˆauvKvevwR
‰es hG^œQvPvi I AeGnjvi msÕ•‡wZ| ‰mGei bRi`vwi ˆZgb nqbv ejGjB PGj,
AvBGbiI nq cÉGqvM ˆbB, bv nq hv AvGQ Zv RwUj I kÁ¼yKMwZi| ‰me KviGY
evsjvG`k eÅvsGKi AvBb-Kvbyb Zvi KvhÆKvwiZv nvivGœQ ‰es FY Av`vq cwiwÕD®²wZ
Kiv mÁ¿e nGœQ bv| 1999-‰i 31 wWGmÁ¼i evsjvG`Gki evwYwRÅK eÅvsKmgƒGni
ˆkÉYxwebÅvmK‡Z (ˆLjvwc) FGYi cwigvY wQj 2,400 ˆKvwU UvKv ‰es ‰B cwigvY
nGœQ ˆ`Gki mKj eÅvsK I Avw^ÆK cÉwZÓ¤vGbi ˆgvU ˆkÉYxwebÅvmK‡Z FGYi 39.34%|
2000
mvGji 30 Ryb ZvwiL chƯ¦ evsjvG`Gki eÅvsK eÅeÕ©v wewf®² LvGZ ˆh FY w`GqGQ
Zv nGœQ K‡wl, grmÅPvl I ebvqb 763.6 ˆKvwU UvKv, wk͸ (KvhÆPvjbv gƒjab
Qvov) 995.3 ˆKvwU UvKv, KvhÆPvjbv gƒjab A^ÆmsÕ©vb 1,543.4 ˆKvwU UvKv,
iµ¦vwb 347.1 ˆKvwU UvKv ‰es evwYwRÅK FY 1,888 ˆKvwU UvKv|
K‡wl
FY gyMj evsjvq gnvRb ev jw™² KvievixG`i KzwVB wQj K‡wlFGYi cÉavb Drm|
gnvRwb eÅeÕ©v LyeB cÉvPxb, Šew`K hyGMI ‰i AwÕ¦Z½ wQj| evsjvq weËwUk
kvmb ÷i‚i AeÅewnZ cƒGeÆ dviwmGZ ˆjLv wimvjv-B-wRivZ MÉG¯©i eYÆbvgGZ,
ˆm AvgGj K‡lKiv cÉvqB LvRbv w`GZ bv cvevi KviGY FYMÉÕ¦ nGq coZ Avi gvGS
gvGSB Livi ÞqÞwZ cƒiGY, cvwievwiK AbyÓ¤vbvw`i evowZ eÅq ˆgUvGZ wKsev
bvbviKg weevG`i dqmvjv KiGZ ˆhme LiP nGZv Zvi RbÅ ZvG`i KviI bv KviI
KvGQ avi-KRÆ wbGZ nGZv| gnvRb QvovI Õ©vbxq eÅemvqx ‰es abx cowk eÅwî×iv
‰me AeÕ©vq FGYi Drm wnGmGe KvR KiZ| weËwUk I Õ©vbxq eÅemvqxiv evsjvq
`v`wb cÉ^v ‰i gvaÅGg K‡lKG`i Drcv`b FY w`Z|
HwZnÅMZfvGe,
fviZxq gnvRbiv K‡lKG`i bM` AG^Æ ev cYÅmvgMÉxGZ ˆh FY w`Z Zv cieZÆxGZ
Pov myG` ˆdiZ wbZ, ZGe Zviv K‡lKG`i Drcv`b cÉwò×qvq nÕ¦GÞc KiZ bv| wK¯§
`v`wb eÅeÕ©v Pvjy KGi FY`vZv eÅwî× ev msÕ©v FYGK eÅemv-evwYRÅ I Drcv`b-msò×v¯¦
mewKQyi mGã mshyî× KGi ˆdGj| ‰B eÅeÕ©vq ˆKvb wbw`ÆÓ¡ dmGji wecixGZ FY
w`Gq Drcvw`Z dmGji ‰KwU ev mÁ·ƒYÆ Ask w`GqB Zv cwiGkvGai weavb Pvjy
nq| Dwbk kZGKi gvSvgvwS mgGq evRvGi weò×Gqi RbÅ K‡lKiv hZ Lv`ÅkmÅ Drcv`b
KGi Zvi cÉvq meUvB wQj kmÅ eÅemvqx I f„Õ¼vgxG`i FGY| BÕ¡ Bw´£qv ˆKvÁ·vwb
ZzuZ ‰es bxj PvGli RGbÅ FY Pvjy KGi| K‡lKiv ZvG`i cYÅ AvMvg
e®¬K ˆiGLI FY wbZ| ZGe ‰Zme FYeÅeÕ©v evsjvi K‡wlGK D®²Z ev AvaywbK Kivi
RbÅ ˆgvGUB hG^Ó¡ wQj bv| K‡wlGZ eÅvcK wewbGqvGMi RbÅ Znwej ˆRvUvGZ Õ©vbxq
gy`Ëv evRvi wQj LyeB mxwgZ| K‡wli D®²wZi RbÅ weËGUb ˆ^GKB chÆvµ¦
Znwej cvIqv hvq wb|
Dwbk
kZGKi ˆklw`GK evsjvi K‡wl A^ÆbxwZ Zvi Õ¼vfvweK fvimvgÅ nvwiGq ˆdGj|
‰ mgq K‡lKiv DœPnvi I Pò×e†w«¬ myG`i KviGY Õ©vwqfvGe ˆ`bvMÉÕ¦ nGq cGo,
ZvG`i Drcv`b I Avq KGg hvq ‰es Zviv A^ÆbxwZi mvweÆK KvVvGgvMZ ò‚wUi
wkKvi nq| MÉvgxY gnvRb, KveywjIqvjv, ˆRvZ`vi, mvnv, ˆewbqv, ˆZwj I AbÅvbÅ
AcÉvwZÓ¤vwbK FY`vZviv MÉvgvçGj ˆhme mvaviY I K‡wlFY w`Z ˆmàwji myG`i
nvi wQj evwlÆK 25% ˆ^GK 40%| ˆ`bvMÉÕ¦ K‡lK Zvi ˆ`bv cwiGkvGai RbÅ Zvi
dmGji mÁ·ƒYÆ ev e†n`vsk cÉvqB cvIbv`viG`i wbKU mÕ¦vq weò×q KiGZ evaÅ
nGZv| 1928-1937 mvGji gnvg±`vi mgGq K‡wlcGYÅi gƒjÅ ˆhfvGe cGo hvq ZvGZ
K‡lKG`i ˆ`bvMÉÕ¦Zv AviI eÅvcKfvGe e†w«¬ cvq| 1929-1935 mvGj K‡wlcGYÅi
gƒjÅ evsjvi AGbK cÉG`Gk 70 kZvsk chƯ¦ nËvm cvq| ‰GZ K‡lKG`i A^Æ‹bwZK
`y`Ækv AGbK àY ˆeGo hvq|
gnvRwb
KvievGi wbGqvwRZ AcÉvwZÓ¤vwbK FY`vZvG`i DœPnvGi my` Av`vq `xNÆw`b aGiB
evsjvq ‰KwU Õ©vqx mgmÅv wQj| ‰i cÉwZevG` evsjvi wewf®² ‰jvKvq AGbK K‡lK
AvG±`vjbI msNwUZ nGqGQ| ‰ cwiGcÉwÞGZ weËwUk miKvi cwiwÕ©wZ gƒjÅvqGbi
RbÅ fviZxq ˆK±`Êxq eÅvswKs Z`¯¦ KwgwU MVb KGi| KwgwUi cÉwZGe`b Abyhvqx
miKvGii A^Æ wefvM evsjvmn fviGZi me AçGj DœPnvGi my` Av`vq e®¬ Kivi
RbÅ ˆekwKQy mycvwik cÉYqb KGi| weËwUk kvmKiv AviI KGqKwU Abyi…c Z`¯¦
KwgwU I Kwgkb MVb KGi| ‰me KwgwU I Kwgkb MÉvg ‰jvKvq FYMÉÕ¦Zv I K‡wlGZ
Zvi cÉfve bvbvfvGe LwZGq ˆ`GL| dGj AGbK bZzb cÉwZGe`b I AvBb cÉYxZ nq|
‰mGei gGaÅ wQj f„wg D®²qb AvBb 1883, K‡wlFY AvBb 1884, wbGKvjmGbi cÉwZGe`b,
gÅvKjvMvb KwgwU cÉwZGe`b 1914, K‡wl-welqK ivRKxq KwgkGbi cÉwZGe`b 1929,
eãxq cÉvG`wkK eÅvswKs Z`¯¦ cÉwZGe`b 1930, eãxq A^Æ‹bwZK Z`¯¦ ˆevGWÆi
cÉwZGe`b 1934, cybeÆvmb welqK Z`¯¦ cÉwZGe`b 1943 I 1944, eãxq kmÅ Rwic
1944-45, eãxq ˆ`bvMÉÕ¦Zv Rwic 1946, cÍÏx ˆ`bvMÉÕ¦Zv Z`¯¦ ‰es ˆ`bv eG±`veÕ¦
ˆevWÆ MVGbi cÉwZGe`b| evsjvi K‡lKG`i ˆ`bvMÉÕ¦Zv mgmÅv wbimGb ‰mGei DGÍÏLGhvMÅ
f„wgKv wQj| eãxq ˆ`bvMÉÕ¦Zv AeÅvnwZ weGji wfwîGZ eãxq K‡wl ˆ`bv`vi AvBb
1935 cvm nq| 1938 mvGj eãxq cÉRvÕ¼Z½¾ AvBb
msGkvab KGi 1928 mvGji cƒGeÆ e®¬Kx mƒGò m†Ó¡ mKj ˆ`bv evwZj eGj ˆNvlYv
Kiv nq|
gnvRbG`i
A^ÆFY-welqK KgÆKví wbq¯¨GYi jGÞÅ eãxq gnvRb AvBb 1940-‰ ˆekwKQy msGkvabx
Avbv nq| cƒGeÆ cÉYxZ myG`i RGbÅ ˆ`Iqv FY-AvBGb my` mÁ·GKÆ ˆhme weavb
wQj BGZvgGaÅB ZvGZ wKQy wewa msGhvRb KGi cÉYxZ eãxq gnvRb AvBb 1933
weavb KGiwQj ˆh RvgvbwZ FGYi ˆÞGò 15%-‰i AwaK ‰es ARvgvbwZ FGYi ˆÞGò
20%-‰i AwaK my` AvGivc Kiv nGj D«¼†î cwigvY my` A‹ea eGj MYÅ nGe| weËwUk
AvgGjB evsjvq AcÉvwZÓ¤vwbK FGYi cÉPjGbi cvkvcvwk FGYi ˆekwKQƒ cÉvwZÓ¤vwbK
Drm Pvjy Kiv nq| 1912 mvGj cvm nq mgevq mwgwZ AvBb ‰es ‰KB eQi cÉvG`wkK
mgevq eÅvsK cÉwZwÓ¤Z nq| 1940 mGj eãxq mgevq mwgwZ AvBb msGkvab KGi
mgevGqi wbqgKvbyGb ˆekwKQy cwieZÆb Avbv nq|
1947
mvGj fviZ wefvGMi ci cvwKÕ¦vGb K‡wlFY mgmÅvq AGbK bZzb gvòv ˆhvM nq|
‰ mgq K‡wl Drcv`Gbi Ici ài‚Z½ ˆeGo hvIqvq K‡wl I K‡wlFY msò×v¯¦ welGq
ˆek KGqKwU bZzb KwgwU I Kwgkb MVb Kiv nq| ‰àwji gGaÅ DGÍÏLGhvMÅ wQj
cvwKÕ¦vb K‡wl Z`¯¦ KwgwU 1951, weGklæ KwgwU, cwøg cvwKÕ¦vb mgevq Z`¯¦
KwgwU, FY Z`¯¦ Kwgkb ‰es Lv`Å I K‡wl Kwgkb| cÉvq me KwgwU I KwgkbB K‡wl
A^ÆmsÕ©vGbi cÉvwZÓ¤vwbK KvVvGgv kwî×kvjxKiGYi mycvwik KGi| ˆ`Gk K‡wlFY
Pvwn`vi eÅvcKZvi KviGY ‰es ‰B Pvwn`v `Ë‚Z e†w«¬ cvIqvi cwiGcÉwÞGZ ˆK±`Êxq
miKvi ‰KwU weGklvwqZ K‡wlFY cÉwZÓ¤vb m†wÓ¡ KGi| cÉ^g w`GK gGbvGhvGMi
fiGK±`Ê wQj Ri‚wi wfwîGZ K‡wli D®²qb cÉGqvRb ‰gb me weGkl ‰jvKv| ò×Åvk
ˆcÉvMÉvg ‰jvKv bvGg wPwn×Z wKQy gGWj ‰jvKv evQvB KGi ˆmLvGb AwaKZi K‡wl
Drcv`b ‰es K‡lKG`i RbÅ chÆvµ¦ cÉvwZÓ¤vwbK K‡wlFGYi eÅeÕ©v Kiv nq| cÉ^g
chÆvGq ‰fvGe wPwn×Z ‰jvKv wQj cwøg cvwKÕ¦vGbi 7wU ˆRjv ‰es cƒeÆ cvwKÕ¦vGbi
7wU gnKzgv| cieZÆxGZ ‰B KvhÆò×g AviI mÁ·ÉmviY Kiv nq|
evÕ¦Ge
FYGK ռ͸Ggqvw`, gaÅGgqvw` I `xNÆGgqvw` ‰B wZb ˆkÉYxGZ fvM Kiv nGjI
cvwKÕ¦vGb K‡wlFY wQj gƒjZ `y aiGbi-ˆgŒmywg FY ‰es D®²qb FY| ˆgŒmywg
FY ˆ`Iqv nGZv bvbv aiGbi PjwZ eÅq ˆgUvGbvi RbÅ| D®²qb FY ˆgUvGZv gƒjab
RvZxq eÅq| wbw`ÆÓ¡ dmj Drcv`b ev ‰KwU wbw`ÆÓ¡ ˆgŒmyGgi RbŠռ͸Ggqvw`
FY ˆ`Iqv nGZv| K‡lKG`i mvaviYZ ˆÞZ cÉÕ§GZi RbÅ ˆgŒmyGg FY `iKvi nGZv
Avi FGYi A^Æ Zviv cwiGkva KiZ dmj ˆZvjvi ci| eQGii iwe I Lwic- ‰ `yB
ˆgŒmyGgi RbÅ Avjv`v Avjv`vfvGe ev ‰KevGi FY wbGq Zviv dmj ˆZvjvi ci
Avjv`v `yB wKwÕ¦GZ ev eQGii ˆkGl ‰K wKwÕ¦GZ FY cwiGkva KiZ| ռ͸Ggqvw`
FY ˆÞZ ŠZwi Qvov exR ò×q, mvi ò×q BZÅvw` KvGRI cÉGqvRb nGZv|
ˆ`Gk
K‡wlFY cvIqvi DcGhvMx FYMÉnxZvi FYGhvMÅZv wePvGii cÉavb gvcKvwV wQj
gvwjKvbvaxb Rwgi cwigvY| miKvwi-ˆemiKvwi me FY`vZv msÕ©vB ‰KB wbqGg
PjZ| ZGe Rwg e®¬K ˆiGL Zvi wewbgGq FY ˆbIqv QvovI FYMÉnxZvi RbÅ Aci
‰KwU c^ ˆLvjv wQj| ˆhGKvb Rwgi gvwjK Zvi cGÞ Rvwgb wnGmGe wbøqZv w`GjI
FY cvIqv ˆhZ|
1947-‰i
ci evsjvG`k ‰jvKvq Pvjy ^vKv KGqKwU ài‚Z½cƒYÆ K‡wl I K‡wlFY welqK AvBb
nGœQ 1940 mvGj msGkvwaZ eãxq K‡wl ˆ`bv`vi AvBb 1935, eãxq gnvRb AvBb
1939 ‰es cƒeÆeã Rwg`vwi AwaMÉnY I cÉRvÕ¼Z½ AvBb 1950| cƒeÆ cvwKÕ¦vGb
cÉvG`wkK miKvGii ˆ`Iqv K‡wlFY 1956 mvGj wQj 2.8 ˆKvwU i‚wc ‰es Zv 1961-62
mvGj wQj 2.5 ˆKvwU| miKvi cÉZÅÞ FY`vZv wnGmGe cwøg cvwKÕ¦vGb ZvKvwe
FY I cƒeÆ cvwKÕ¦vGb K‡wlFY Pvjy ˆiGLwQj| K‡wlFY cÉ`vGb mgevq mwgwZ I
msMVbàwji ài‚Z½cƒYÆ f„wgKv wQj|
1960
mvGj cƒeÆ cvwKÕ¦vGb 8wU Rwg e®¬Kx eÅvsK wQj| ‰àwji m`mÅ wQj 7,567 Rb,
ˆkqvi gƒjab 2.7 jÞ i‚wc ‰es KvhÆPvjbv gƒjab 24.8 jÞ i‚wc| 1959-60 A^ÆeQGi
‰B KGqKwU eÅvsK K‡wlLvGZ 6.3 jÞ i‚wc FY ˆ`q| ‰me FGYi DGókÅ wQj hvGZ
K‡lKG`i cyivGbv ˆ`bv ˆgUvGbv ‰es Rwgi `xNÆÕ©vqx D®²qb| 1948-49 mvGj
cƒeÆ cvwKÕ¦vGb 83wU ˆK±`Êxq mgevq eÅvsK Pvjy wQj| ZGe ‰àwji msLÅv 1960
mvGj 56-ˆZ ˆbGg AvGm| 1959-60 mvGj ‰G`i ˆ`Iqv ˆgvU K‡wlFGYi cwigvY wQj
2.88 ˆKvwU i‚wc| cƒeÆ cvwKÕ¦vGb ˆhme RvqMvq ˆK±`Êxq mgevq eÅvsK wQjbv
ˆmLvGb wQj ˆK±`Êxq eügyLx mwgwZ| 1959-60 mvGj ‰ RvZxq mwgwZ wQj 62wU
‰es FYMÉnxZvG`i wbKU ZvG`i ˆ`Iqv ˆgvU FY wQj 60.24 jÞ i‚wc|
1971
mvGj evsjvG`k Õ¼vaxb nevi mgq ‰LvGb 12wU eÅvsGKi 1130wU kvLvi ‰KwU `yeÆj
eÅvswKs KvVvGgv wQj| 1971 ˆ^GK 1976
‰B KGqK eQi evsjvG`Gk K‡wlFY weZiGYi cÉavb cÉwZÓ¤vb wQj evsjvG`k
K‡wl eÅvsK (cÉvî×b K‡wl D®²qb eÅvsK) ‰es mgevq mwgwZmgƒn| K‡wlFGYi mieivn
I cÉevn evovGZ miKvi 1976 mvGj weGkl K‡wlFY KgÆmƒwPi AvIZvq ivÓ¡Ëvqî
evwYwRÅK eÅvsmgƒnGK K‡wlFY w`GZ wbG`Æk ˆ`q| ‰B KgÆmƒwPi jÞÅ wQj ˆgŒmywg
kmÅFY cÉ`vb| ‰ici ivÓ¡Ëvqî evwYwRÅK eÅvsKmgƒGn K‡wlFY ˆ`Iqv ÷i‚ KiGj
1976-77 mvGj eÅvswKs eÅeÕ©v ˆ^GK cÉ`î K‡wlFGYi cwigvY `uvovq 37.50 ˆKvwU
UvKv, hv 1999-2000 mvGj wQj 763.0 ˆKvwU UvKv|
evsjvG`k
K‡wl eÅvsGKi ‰Lb 844wU kvLv ‰es ‰B eÅvsGKi ivRkvnx wefvGMi kvLvmgƒn
wbGq MwVZ ivRkvnx K‡wl D®²qb eÅvsGKi kvLv 301wU| 1999-2000 mvGj evsjvG`k
K‡wl eÅvsK 1.45 ˆKvwU UvKv K‡wlFY weZiGYi cwiK͸bv wbGqwQj| ‰KB eQi
ivRkvnx K‡wl D®²qb eÅvsK weZiY KGiGQ 2,636 ˆKvwU UvKv| evsjvG`GkI mKj
ˆK±`Êxq mgevq mwgwZ mgevq Rwg-e®¬K eÅvsK, ˆK±`Êxq AvLPvwl mwgwZ, ^vbv
mgevq mwgwZ I AbÅvbÅ mgevq mwgwZi kxlÆ cÉwZÓ¤vb nGœQ evsjvG`k mgevq
eÅvsK| 1999 mvGji Ryb gvGm evsjvG`k mgevq eÅvsGKi m`mÅ msLÅv wQj 511|
2000 mvGji 30 Ryb chƯ¦ ‰B eÅvsK ˆgvU 27.4 ˆKvwU UvKv FY weZiY KGiGQ,
hvi 25.9 ˆKvwU UvKvB ˆ`Iqv nq K‡wlLvGZ| evsjvG`Gki K‡wlLvGZ ˆ`Iqv wewf®²
cÉwZÓ¤vGbi FGYi Ici AvGivwcZ myG`i nvi 9.75% ˆ^GK 15.5%| ZvwjKve«¬ eÅvsK
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K‡wlFY Pvwn`vi gvò 50%-‰i gGZvB mieivn KGi| AewkÓ¡ FGYi RbÅ K‡lKiv bvbv
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[Aveyj Kvjvg AvRv`]